This chapter discusses how negative stereotypes affect cross-race mentoring. Educators who work across racial or gender lines must communicate that they are not biased, despite the potential for prejudice that exists in the larger system. The strategies reviewed can help teachers, managers, and tutors to accomplish just this. But even if the students feel convinced that they personally are accorded respect, they may still feel that other members of their ethnic or gender group can be judged or treated stereotypically. As such, collective threat can be elicited not only by one's own actions, but by those of the fellow group members who can also confirm a negative stereotype about one's group. The chapter focusses on minority students and highlights that the theoretical framework offered here applies to any individuals who fear that their abilities or worth is doubted rather than assumed.
The threat of stigmatization may be felt by whites in the arena of competitive sports, where their group is stereotyped as one that lacks ability by students plagued with low self-esteem. Exploring both concepts and their implications for mentoring and other teacher-student relationships constitutes a central challenge for educators and researchers alike.
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The Teacher's unions hated him.In the Iowa Republican Presidential debate, Duncan Hunter referred to a man that I had not heard about. I think you may find this interesting.Jaime Escalante was born in La Paz, Bolivia.
While living in Bolivia he taught physics and mathematics for 12 years. He also taught physics to bare-footed indians in the Altiplano. In 1964 he decided to move to the United States. To prepare himself he started studying science and mathematics at University of Puerto Rico.Upon moving from Puerto Rico to California Jaime still could not speak English, and had no valid American teaching credentials. To rectify this he studied at night at Pasadena City College to earn a degree in electronics. At this point he took a day job at a computer corporation, while continuing his schooling at night to earn a mathematics degree at California State University, Los Angeles where he studied calculus under the noted professor Louis Leithold.In 1974 he began teaching at Garfield High School, in East Los Angeles in Los Angeles County, California.
Initially Escalante was so disheartened by the lack of preparation in his students that he called his former employer and asked for his old job back. Jaime eventually changed his mind about returning to work when he found 12 students willing to take an algebra class.The school administration opposed Escalante frequently during his first few years. He was even threatened with dismissal by an assistant principal because he was coming in too early, leaving too late, and failing to get administrative permission to raise funds to pay for his students' Advanced Placement tests. This opposition changed with arrival of a new principal, Henry Gradillas.Gradillas overhauled the academic curriculum at Garfield, reducing the number of basic math classes and requiring that those taking basic math had to concurrently take algebra. He denied extracurricular activities to students who failed to maintain a C average and new students who failed basic skill tests.Escalante continued to teach at Garfield but it was not until 1979 that Escalante would actually instruct his first calculus class. Escalante did this in the hopes that it could provide the leverage to improve lower level math courses.
To this end Escalante recruited fellow teacher Ben Jimenez and taught calculus to 5 students, 2 of whom passed the A.P. Calculus test. The following year the class had increased in size to 9 students, 7 of whom passed the A.P. Calculus test. By 1981 the class had increased to 15 students, 14 of whom passed.In 1982 he came into the national spotlight when 18 of his students passed the Advanced Placement calculus exam. The Educational Testing Service found these scores to be suspect and asked 14 of those who passed to take the exam again. Twelve of the 14 agreed to retake the test and did well enough to have their scores reinstated.In 1983 the number of students enrolling and passing the A.P.
Calculus test increased over 100 percent. That year 33 students took the exam and 30 passed. That year Escalante also started teaching calculus at East Los Angeles College.By 1987 the program had escalated to the point where 73 students passed the A.P. Calculus AB exam and another 12 students passed the BC version of the test. This was the peak for the calculus program.
The same year Gradillas went on sabbatical to finish his doctorate with hopes that he could be reinstated as principal at Garfield or a similar school with similar programs upon his return. Gradillas’s replacement, Maria Elena Tostado, did not share his views on education. Due to this, the relationship between the administration and Escalante became strained.1988 saw the release of a book, Escalante, The Best Teacher in America by Jay Mathews (ISBN 0-8050-1195-1) and a movie Stand and Deliver detailing the events of 1982. During this time teachers and other interested observers asked to sit in on his classes. Jaime also received visits from political leaders and celebrities, including then President George Bush and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Escalante has described the film as '90% truth, 10% drama'.
He stated that several points were left out of the film:. It took him several years to achieve the kind of success shown in the film. In no case was a student who didn't know multiplication tables or fractions taught calculus in a single year. Escalante suffered a gall-bladder attack, not a heart attack. This distinction was clouded in the movie.Over the next few years Escalante’s calculus program continued to grow but not without its own price. Tensions that surfaced when his career began at Garfield escalated.
In his final years at Garfield, Escalante received threats and hate mail from various individuals.By 1990 he had lost the math department chairmanship. At this point Escalante’s math enrichment program had grown to 400+ students. Jaime’s class sizes had increased to over 50 students in some cases. This was far beyond the 35 student limit set by the teachers' union and in turn increased criticism of Escalante’s work.In 1991, the number of Garfield students taking advanced placement examinations in math and other subjects jumped to 570. That same year, citing faculty politics and petty jealousies Escalante left Garfield with Ben Jimenez. Escalante found immediate employment from the Sacramento, California school system.
Angelo Villavicencio took the reins of the program after their departure and taught the remaining 107 A.P. Students in 2 classes for the next year. 67 of Villavicencio’s students went on to take the A.P.
Exam, and 47 passed. Villavicencio’s request for a third class due to class size was denied and the following spring he followed Escalante and quit Garfield.The math program's decline at Garfield became immediately apparent following the departure of Escalante and other teachers associated with its inception and development. In the space of just a few years, Garfield experienced a sevenfold drop in the number of A.P. Calculus students passing their exams. In 1996, Angelo Villavicencio contacted Garfield’s new principal, Tony Garcia, and offered to come back to help revive the dying calculus program.
His offer was politely rejected.In 2001, after many years of preparing teenagers for the AP calculus exam, Escalante returned to his native Bolivia. He lives in his wife’s hometown, Cochabamba, and teaches part time at the local university. He returns to the United States frequently to visit his children. Drug Dealers Si!Border Agents Nyet!December 12, 2007CONTACT: Joe Kasper (202) 225-5672Washington, D.C.
Defense attorney Brian Rooney argued the charges amounted to second-guessing Chessani - and making a past decision criminal.' 9 House members praise Islamic faith, won't recognize Christian observanceU.S. Rep Diana DeGette, D-Colo.(Cunts United Against Christians)Only weeks after voting for a resolution that 'recognizes the Islamic faith as one of the great religions of the world,' nine Democrats in the U.S. House refused to vote for a Christmas resolution that condemns the worldwide persecution of Christians.U.S.
Diana DeGette, D-Colo., was on the list of those who endorsed the statement recognizing Islam, but refused to support the Christmas resolution that noted the holiday 'is celebrated annually by Christians throughout the United States and around the world.' The Christmas resolution, like the Ramadan resolution, decried the violence that targets religion around the world.A spokesman for DeGette told WND her vote was because the Ramadan resolution, which she endorsed, was about 'rejecting religious extremism and promoting of religious tolerance.' The spokesman, Chris Aaron, however, said DeGette is a 'strong supporter of separation of church and state and her view was that Congress should not favor one religion over another.
Other Democrats who supported the acknowledgment of Islam's Ramadan but refused a similar recognition for Christianity's Christmas included Gary Ackerman and Yvette Clarke of N.Y., Alcee Hastings, Fla., Barbara Lee, Fortney Stark and Lynn Woolsey, Calif., Jim McDermott, Wash., and Robert Scott, Va.-Amazingly, all but two of the representatives who answered 'present' or voted against the Christmas resolution voted in favor of a resolution recognizing Ramadan, even though much of the language was similar,' the group said. The best job I had in the military, doug, was getting out and being a civilian.Both the LTC and thse Border Patrolmen, they'd have been better off making a career of selling Chinese made shoes at Wal-Mart.I saw all kinds of examples of the military abusing it's service members, fellows with 18 years service not allowed to re-enlist, stuff like that.Sets the tone for the organization.Fit the mold or get the hell out.As for the Border Patrol fellows, both are seemingly Hispanic, by the spelling of their names. But not from a favored sub-sector of that community.Not quite Hispanic enough for any favorable action, like compassionate forgiveness.They thought they had a secure job, with benefits.Mr Bush, though, he's an entrepenurial President, siding with the import/export crowd.Time after time. 'Teresita said.Bobal:' But, it's serious stuff, another reason we ought to have an English as the official language amendment to the Constitution'.There's no need. I'm a first generation 'begotten' Fil-Am (born here to immigrant parents) and I can barely understand or speak Tagalog.
America is the tower of babel in reverse. People come here and drop their native tongue like a hot potato.' Desert Rat: Just watched JFK and Ike leave the White House and head to the Capital for JFKs inaugural.Not a 'Blast Barrier' in sight.Those were kinder, gentler times. The worst weapon brandished at our school in the 1970s was a switchblade.
The gangs had rumbles with brass knuckles and chains, not drive-bys with semi-auto machine guns. We had splendid little tussles in Grenada and Libya, not continuous full-scale land wars in the Middle East that bog down our forces and severely limit our options in the event we need to go into Iran, Pakistan, Korea, or Taiwan. Bobal: Is there a procedure to make the internet connection go through with regularity? Or do I call tech support?Bobal, I hate intermittent problems. If you do a google search for a internet connection speed test you can see if your connection is noisy (it will be much slower than usual because the error-correction routines will be working overtime). If you have a phone or DSL connection try another cord, they can wear out at the connector if you move your computer around. If you have a cable connection you can try to clean the business end with alcohol and a Q-tip, and then check that speed-test website again.
Idaho Officials Hammer Out Wolf PlanThe deadline to comment on the plan the Idaho Fish and Game Dept. Success in Iraq was never to be defined by the lack of casualties, rufus.No,indeed not.The Goal was democratization of Iraqi society, as an example to the rest of the Middle East, while putting the Tribes on the ash heap of history.That was the Goal, that would be real success.Not losing 3 soldiers a day, that is not the same as success, much less a US victory.Cutting the casualty rate by surrendering to the tribal leaders, a defeat of US strategic goals, in a tactical attempt to cut US losses.Not to achieve US Strategic Goals. Condi Rice, 7Aug'03.
With the liberation of Iraq, there is a special opportunity to advance a positive agenda for the Middle East that will strengthen security in the region and throughout the world. We are already seeing evidence of a new commitment to forging ahead with peace among Israelis and Palestinians.At the Red Sea Summits in June, Israelis, Palestinians and neighboring Arab states united behind the vision the president has set forth - a vision of two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security. Israeli leaders increasingly understand that it is in Israel's own interest for Palestinians to govern themselves in a viable state that is peaceful, democratic and committed to fighting terror. Palestinian leaders increasingly understand that terror is not a means to Palestinian statehood but instead the greatest obstacle to statehood.Much as a democratic Germany became a linchpin of a new Europe that is today whole, free and at peace, so a transformed Iraq can become a key element of a very different Middle East in which the ideologies of hate will not flourish. And in the nearly 100 days since major combat operations ended in Iraq, the Iraqi people have reclaimed their country and begun to forge a more hopeful future. As this transition to freedom continues, America will work with other nations to help Iraqis achieve greater security and greater opportunity.This is not primarily a military commitment but one that will require us to engage all aspects of our national power - diplomatic, economic and cultural.
For instance, President Bush has launched the Middle East Partnership Initiative to bind us together in building a better future through concrete projects. He further has proposed establishing a U.S.-Middle East free trade area within a decade, to bring the people of the region into an expanding circle of opportunity.We are now just five years away from a US-Middle East free trade area?Or just another forgotten definition of victory. The invasion of Iraq, it was to lead to Israeli and Palistinian Peace, instead it gained US all Hamas through the democratic process.Mr Bush speaking in Feb'03:Success in Iraq could also begin a new stage for Middle Eastern peace, and set in motion progress towards a truly democratic Palestinian state. (Applause.) The passing of Saddam Hussein's regime will deprive terrorist networks of a wealthy patron that pays for terrorist training, and offers rewards to families of suicide bombers.
And other regimes will be given a clear warning that support for terror will not be tolerated. (Applause.)Without this outside support for terrorism, Palestinians who are working for reform and long for democracy will be in a better position to choose new leaders.
Jaime Escalante Math Program Elac Sis Student
(Applause.) True leaders who strive for peace; true leaders who faithfully serve the people. A Palestinian state must be a reformed and peaceful state that abandons forever the use of terror.
(Applause.)That was the definition of success, that was the Goal.Success is now measured in fewer US casualties, in Iraq itself. Protesters have also made race an issue. Horn is white and the burglars, he told the 911 operator, were black. Yet the neighbors whose house Mr. Horn was protecting are Vietnamese. They later said they thought the two men had been stalking them.A police report suggests Mr.
Torres and Mr. Ortiz may have been shot in the back.And both, the police say, were illegal immigrants from Colombia, Mr. Ortiz having been deported in 1999 after being sentenced to 25 years for cocaine convictions.Mr. Horn went into seclusion even before a death threat was left on an answering machine Sunday in the Harris County district attorney’s office. He has been too upset to comment, said his lawyer, Charles T.
Lambright.The shootings were denounced by scores of black demonstrators including Quanell X, the leader of the Houston-based New Black Panther Nation, who led a march on Dec. White Folk commit Hate Crimes, but are Very Rarely Victims of Hate:-BALTIMORE - The beating of a white woman by nine black students on a city bus is being investigated but not as a hate crime, a transit official said.MTA: Bus Beating Not Hate CrimeImages Of Bus Beating VictimSarah Kreager, 26, suffered broken facial bones and other injuries after she was punched, kicked and dragged off the bus Tuesday afternoon.
Kreager's companion, Troy Ellis, was also attacked, but not beaten as severely. House Votes on Harsh CIA Methods(WASHINGTON) — The House on Thursday approved an intelligence bill that bans the CIA from using waterboarding, mock executions and other harsh interrogation methods.The 222-199 vote sent the measure to the Senate, which still must act before it can go to President Bush. The White House has threatened a veto.The bill, a House-Senate compromise to authorize intelligence operations in 2008, also blocks spending 70 percent of the intelligence budget until the House and Senate intelligence committees are briefed on Israel's Sept. 6 air strike on an alleged nuclear site in Syria.
DR,There is no natural boundary in the North America, seperating the people. There is no political will to create an artifical one.They'll be changing the definitions of soveriegnty, it's already happening.To see the future all we have to do is look to Europe, where there wereToday the European Union leaders signed the Lisbon Treaty.1. The Lisbon Treaty establishes a legally quite new European Union.
Bobal, lets try not to forget that Sharpton hasn't been convicted yet. There is still some presumption of innocence.
By the way, our method was legal whereas he seems to me accused of doing it the illegal way;)Rat,I have no recollection of the measure inflation changing, particularly to make the government of the day look good. I believe they do not include energy and food prices in the inflation measure because they are so volatile and thus would make a poor guide for setting monetary policy. You are young, then, ash.Core Inflation was not even discussed prior to 1975, when the first paper on it was written.The concept of core inflation as aggregate price growth excluding food and energy was introduced in a 1975 paper by Robert J.
GordonMr Gordon a firm believer that inflation is overstated, developed a process to understate it, by factoring out those items that caused inflation to be measurable.So prior to that food and energy were not so volitale to be discussed as not being factored in.The Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Feb. 17, 2000, reccomends moving to the Core Standard because it is easier to for the buerocrats to manipulateThe PCE chain-type index is constructed from a formula that reflects the changing composition of spending and thereby avoids some of the upward bias associated with the fixed-weight nature of the CPI.They can factor inflation down, when it does not meet the targets.Changing the formula to get the desired result. Just like in the Intel business.The majority of the other countries of the world do not factor 'Core Inflation' but use the actual CPI numbers. The US leads in the economic disinformation, factoring in, or out, those numbers that do not fit the 'Plan'.As many of the Federal Programs are tied to the 'inflation rate'.We wouldn't want there to upward movement, or what is described as upward bias.
Funny those volitale movements do not result in any downward bias.Which if prices were truely volitale, there'd be no bias, as volitality indicates movement both up AND down.Just another way to manipulate the data to get the desired result.It's a 'Slam Dunk'. Exactly right, cutler.Unless you want to blur that border.There it is, judge not by the rhetoric, but by the actions.NAFTA, 1994 plus a decade = SPP, 2005spp.govThe Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) was launched in March of 2005 as a trilateral effort to increase security and enhance prosperity among the United States, Canada and Mexico through greater cooperation and information sharing.This trilateral initiative is premised on our security and our economic prosperity being mutually reinforcing. The SPP recognizes that our three great nations are bound by a shared belief in freedom, economic opportunity, and strong democratic institutions.The SPP provides the framework to ensure that North America is the safest and best place to live and do business. It includes ambitious security and prosperity programs to keep our borders closed to terrorism yet open to trade.The SPP builds upon, but is separate from, our long-standing trade and economic relationships. It energizes other aspects of our cooperative relations, such as the protection of our environment, our food supply, and our public health.Add another decade. In some ways, it is actually legitimizing it to call it immigration policy.There's no commitment to moving a few hours and going back and forth across the border. That's a migration policy, with all the perks of 'immigration' - the benefits of citizenship without even any costs.
Better in many cases, because you can show up tomorrow, get advantages over me in hiring and matriculation, and pay less than me for tuition. Because my family was oppressing you in Galicia and Russia obviously.Yeah, I could do a real comedy routine rant on this one. 'The SPP recognizes that our three great nations are bound by a shared belief in freedom, economic opportunity, and strong democratic institutions.' Yeah, that strong belief. Right.I like Mexico's suddenly our traditional ally. This is history gone bizarro world.
Numerous wars, we've got large amounts of their territory, and they don't vote with us on anything that matters in the UN, let alone help us for shit around the world.But we've got to help them. Since enforcing our own border is too tough, we're going to turn Mexico around - cause that's easier. Such teachers should be given every opportunity to ply their trade: teaching students, getting them to do better. They put in extra time for programs, hours of their lives, just to get their students that extra bit that could give them a better future and be able to claim that school for these kids was not a waste of time.But all too often, politics and ideology gets in the way.I know the feeling. I'm conducting my school's chemistry olympiad training all on my lonesome, and there's been absolutely zero help. Oh sure, they gave me permission to start the program, but everything after that was zilch. And this is in relatively enlightened Singapore!